CHAPTER 11 - STRUCTURES
11.00	INTRODUCTION
11.01	REMOVAL OF BRIDGES
11.02	GUIDANCE FOR HEAVY EQUIPMENT & MATERIALS ON BRIDGES
11.03	TEMPORARY STRUCTURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE PUBLIC
11.04	RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE
11.05	PILE DRIVING CAP AND HAMMER INFORMATION
11.10	EARTHWORK FOR STRUCTURES
11.11	EXCAVATION
11.12	BACKFILLING STRUCTURES
	Culverts
	Bridge Abutments
	Measurement and Payment
11.20	FOUNDATIONS
11.21	STAKING AND CHECKING LOCATIONS OF STRUCTURES
	Check and Double Check
	Documentation
	Common Survey Errors to Avoid
	Encountering Old Substructures
	Setting Bench Marks (Post Construction)
11.22	PILING AND PILE DRIVING
	Pile Driving
	Vibratory Hammers
	Gravity Hammers
	Diesel Hammers
	Bearing and Penetration
	Retaps
	Dynamic Pile Analyzer
	Static Load Tests
11.23	SPLICING PILE
	Welding Steel Pile
	Concrete Pile
11.24	PILING ACCEPTANCE
	Steel Pile
	Wood Pile
	Steel Pile Cutoffs
11.25	WAVE EQUATION
	Hammer Data Form
	Driving Graphs
	Log of Piling Driven
11.26	PREBORED HOLES
	Typical Preboring
	Special Prebore Situations
	Bentonite
11.27	DRILLED SHAFTS
11.30	BRIDGES
11.31	FALSEWORK
	Temporary Fastenings
	Falsework Plans
	Falsework Inspection
	Falsework Foundations
	Materials
	Project Quality
	Miscellaneous Items
	Falsework Adjacent To Traffic
	Field Changes
	Inspection during Concrete Placement
	Removal of Falsework
11.32	BRIDGES ‑ STEEL BEAM
	Prebolting Meeting
	Erecting Steel Beams
	High Strength Fasteners
	Painting
11.33	BRIDGES ‑ CONCRETE BEAM
	Precast ‑ Prestressed Deck Panels
	Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Beam (PPC Beam) Erection
	Diaphragms (Steel or Concrete)
11.40	REINFORCEMENT
	General Placement Guidelines for Bridge Reinforcing Steel
11.41	PLACEMENT AND CHECKING (BRIDGE FLOORS)
	Slab Thickness
	Clearance of Bottom Reinforcement
	Clearance of Top Mat Reinforcement
	Cover Over Top Mat of Reinforcement
	Slab Bridges
	Special Attention Areas
11.42	EPOXY COATED REINFORCEMENT
	Care and Handling
	Field Inspection
	Repair of Damaged Coating
11.43	CAGE STEEL (DRILLED SHAFTS)
11.44	SPLICING
	Splice Approval
11.45	PAYMENT FOR REINFORCING STEEL
11.50	CONCRETE (STRUCTURAL, CLASS X, AND FLOWABLE MORTAR)
11.51	PCC PLANT PAGE (FORM 800240E)
11.52	USE OF READY MIXED STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
	Prepour Meeting
	Inspector’s Checklist
11.53	ADMIXTURES
	Air Entraining Admixtures
	Water Reducing Admixtures – Regular
	Water Reducing Admixtures - Super Plasticizers
	Retarding Admixtures
	Accelerating Admixtures
	Corrosion Inhibiting Admixtures
	Finely Divided Mineral Admixtures
	Pozzolanic Materials
	Fly Ash (Class C & F)
	Silica Fume
	Cementitious Materials
	Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)
11.54	USE OF INSULATED FORMS FOR PROTECTION
	Checking Temperature of Concrete
11.55	DECK PLACEMENT AND HEAT OF HYDRATION FOR MASS CONCRETE PLACEMENTS
	Deck Placement
	Deck Concrete Temperature and Curing
	Placement Considerations
	Field Documentation
	Heat of Hydration for Mass Concrete Placements
11.56	PLACEMENT METHODS (PUMPING, BELTING, AND CRANE BUCKET)
	Crane and Bucket
	Belt Placement
	Pump Placement
11.57	FORM REMOVAL
	Setting Beams
11.58	CONCRETE SURFACE FINISH
	Concrete Railings
	Surface Finish on Other Concrete Surfaces
11.59	FLOWABLE MORTAR
	Backfilling Culverts - Typical Grading
	Plugging Culverts
	Backfilling Culverts - Under Bridges
	Filling Voids Between Culverts
11.60	DECKS AND OVERLAYS
11.61	DECK OVERLAY PREPARATION
	Class A Floor Repair
	Class A Surface Preparation
	Work on Adjacent Lanes
11.62	SEQUENCE OF POURING
	Use of Retarders
	Concrete Bridge Floors
	Placement Methods
11.63	INSTALLATION OF JOINTS
	Preformed Neoprene Joints
	Steel Extruded Expansion Joints (Strip Seals)
11.64	BRIDGE FLOORS
	Finishing and Equipment
	Profile Grades - Overlays
	Transverse Grooving
	Longitudinal Grooving In Hardened Concrete
	Missed Texturing
11.65	CONCRETE
	Concrete Mobile Mixers
	Frequency of Checks
	Density Testing
11.66	APPROACH SECTIONS
	Approach Pavements to Bridge Abutments
	“Movable” Abutments
	“Fixed” Abutments
	Bridge Approach Tapers
	Shoulder Maintenance
11.67	SMOOTHNESS OF BRIDGE DECKS
	Checklist
	Specification 2428
	Surface Checking
11.70	BARRIER RAILS
11.71	CONCRETE F-SHAPE, OPEN, AND RETROFIT RAIL
	Rail Concrete Placement and Bridge Deck Falsework
11.72	SLIP FORM BARRIER RAIL
	Longitudinal Cracks
	Reinforcement
	Reinforcement Bar Cover
	Misalignment and Nonuniform Top Elevation
	Shadowing
	Mix Design for Slip Form and Cast-in-Place
	Curing of Slip Form Barrier Rail
	Expansion Joint Construction in Barrier Rail
11.73	CAST-IN-PLACE (RETROFIT) BARRIER RAIL
	Preventing Dowel Installation Damage of Conduit
11.74	CAST-IN-PLACE OPEN BARRIER RAIL FORM REMOVAL
11.80	REINFORCED CONCRETE CULVERTS
11.81	DESIGN CHANGES ON CULVERTS
11.82	INSTALLING REINFORCING STEEL, PLACING CONCRETE, AND FORM
	REMOVAL
	Installing Reinforcing Steel
	Placing Concrete
	Removal of Wall Forms
	Removal of Slab Forms
11.83	BOX CULVERT CURTAIN WALLS
	Sheet Pile Curtain Wall
	Reinforcement Placement
11.84	BOX CULVERT BELL JOINTS
11.85	GUIDELINES FOR INSPECTION OF PRECAST CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS